Full plastic hinge region
Cyclic test, L/t = 4.0
Plastic hinge region - fracture of top
plate
Cyclic test, L/t = 4.0
Plastic hinge region - buckling of bottom
plate
Cyclic test, L/t = 4.0
Top plate test
Monotonic test, compression, L/t = 8.0
Close-up of buckled top plate
Monotonic test, L/t = 8.0
